Understanding Periodontal Disease in Dogs and Cats

Periodontal disease is the #1 health problem diagnosed in dogs and cats. By understanding this common condition, you can help protect your pet from pain, tooth loss, and serious health complications.

What is Periodontal Disease?

Periodontal disease is an infection and inflammation of the periodontium—the tissues that surround and support the teeth. This includes:

Gingiva (gums)
Periodontal ligament (connects tooth to bone)
Cementum (covers the tooth root)
Alveolar bone (jaw bone supporting teeth)

How Common is It?

The statistics are sobering:

Age Group	Dogs Affected	Cats Affected
By age 3	80%	70%
Over age 4	80-90%	50-90%

This makes periodontal disease more common than any other health condition in companion animals.

The Four Stages of Periodontal Disease

Stage 1: Gingivitis

The only reversible stage

Inflammation limited to the gums
Redness and swelling at the gum line
May bleed when probed
No bone loss yet
Treatment: Professional cleaning + improved home care

Stage 2: Early Periodontitis

Less than 25% attachment loss
Beginning bone destruction
Early periodontal pocket formation
Treatment: Professional cleaning, possible local treatment

Stage 3: Moderate Periodontitis

25-50% attachment loss
Significant bone loss visible on X-rays
Deeper periodontal pockets
Furcation involvement in multi-rooted teeth
Treatment: Deep cleaning, possible extractions

Stage 4: Advanced Periodontitis

Greater than 50% attachment loss
Severe bone destruction
Loose teeth
High risk of tooth loss
Treatment: Often requires extraction

How Periodontal Disease Develops

Step 1: Plaque Formation

Within hours of eating, bacteria combine with food particles and saliva to form a sticky film called plaque on tooth surfaces.

Step 2: Tartar (Calculus) Formation

If not removed, plaque mineralizes within 24-72 hours, forming hard tartar. This rough surface attracts more bacteria.

Step 3: Bacterial Invasion

Bacteria migrate below the gum line, releasing toxins that damage tissues and trigger inflammation.

Step 4: Immune Response

The body’s immune response, while trying to fight infection, actually contributes to tissue and bone destruction.

Step 5: Progressive Destruction

Without treatment, the cycle continues, leading to deeper pockets, more bone loss, and eventually tooth loss.

Warning Signs to Watch For

Early Signs

Bad breath (halitosis)
Red or swollen gums
Bleeding when eating or brushing

Progressive Signs

Yellow/brown tartar buildup
Receding gums
Difficulty eating
Pawing at mouth
Drooling (may be bloody)

Advanced Signs

Loose or missing teeth
Facial swelling
Nasal discharge (upper teeth)
Weight loss
Behavioral changes

Risk Factors

Breed Predisposition

Small/Toy Breeds at Higher Risk:

Yorkshire Terriers
Chihuahuas
Pomeranians
Dachshunds
Cavalier King Charles Spaniels

These breeds have:

Teeth too large for jaw size
Crowded teeth
Retained baby teeth
Genetic predisposition

Other Risk Factors

Age: Risk increases with age
Diet: Soft food may increase plaque
Dental crowding: Creates plaque traps
Immune compromise: Diabetes, FIV/FeLV in cats
Poor nutrition: Affects tissue health
Lack of dental care: Most significant factor

Systemic Health Implications

Periodontal disease doesn’t stay in the mouth. Research links it to:

Heart Disease

Bacteria from the mouth can enter the bloodstream and affect heart valves, potentially causing endocarditis.

Kidney and Liver Disease

Chronic bacterial exposure may damage these filtering organs over time.

Jaw Fractures

Severe bone loss, especially in small breeds, can weaken the jaw to the point of pathologic fracture.

Oronasal Fistula

Advanced disease in upper teeth can create a hole between the mouth and nasal cavity.

Diagnosis

Visual Examination

Check for tartar, gum inflammation, loose teeth
Limited—can miss 40% of pathology

Probing Under Anesthesia

Measure pocket depths around each tooth
Normal: 0-3mm (dogs), 0-1mm (cats)
Deeper = disease present

Dental Radiographs (X-rays)

Essential for complete assessment
Reveals bone loss not visible externally
AI technology now helps analyze these images faster and more accurately

Treatment Options

Professional Dental Cleaning

Under general anesthesia:

Ultrasonic scaling to remove tartar
Hand scaling for precision
Polishing to smooth enamel
Subgingival irrigation
Fluoride treatment (optional)

Advanced Treatments

Root planing: Smoothing root surfaces
Periodontal surgery: For severe cases
Extraction: When teeth cannot be saved
Antibiotics: For active infection

Prevention

Home Care

Daily Brushing

Most effective prevention method
Use pet-specific toothbrush and toothpaste
Even 3x weekly helps significantly

Dental Diets and Treats

Look for VOHC (Veterinary Oral Health Council) seal
Mechanical cleaning action helps

Water Additives

Can reduce plaque bacteria
Not a substitute for brushing

Professional Care

Annual dental exams for all pets
Professional cleaning as recommended
More frequent monitoring for high-risk breeds

The Cost of Neglect

Ignoring periodontal disease leads to:

Consequence	Impact
Chronic pain	Reduced quality of life
Tooth loss	Difficulty eating
Systemic disease	Shortened lifespan
Emergency treatment	Higher costs

Early intervention is always more cost-effective than treating advanced disease.

Conclusion

Periodontal disease is incredibly common but largely preventable. With regular home care and professional dental attention, you can protect your pet from this painful condition.

Key takeaways:

Start dental care early
Brush teeth regularly
Schedule annual dental exams
Don’t ignore warning signs
Ask about AI-assisted diagnostics for thorough evaluation

Your pet’s oral health directly impacts their overall well-being. Make dental care a priority today.

Sources: American Veterinary Dental College, Merck Veterinary Manual, Cornell University